Condensate Energy Calculations

 Steam is comprised of two types of energy; latent and sensible energy.  When steam is supplied to a process application (heat exchanger, coil, tracer, etc.); the steam vapor releases the latent energy to the process fluid and condenses to a liquid better known as condensate.  The condensate contains the sensible energy from the steam vapor.  The condensate can contain as much as 16% of the total energy in the steam vapor depending on the steam pressures.

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One of highest return on investments is to return condensate to the boiler plant. As fuel costs continue to rise, it is imperative to focus on recovering condensate in all industrial steam operations.

Condensate contains not only water, but also boiler treatment chemicals and energy that was transferred during the combustion process in the boiler.

 Condensate therefore, needs to be returned to the boiler in order to:

• Improve energy efficiency
• Reduce chemical cost
• Reduce make-up water costs
• Reduce sewer system disposal costs
• Meet environmental regulations

Unfortunately, a large percentage of industrial plants are wasting the condensate from the steam system and are not taking a proactive step in returning condensate to the boiler plant.  Condensate that is being returned is still losing the thermal energy due to uninsulated tanks, uninsulated condensate pipe, valves and fittings. The “Best Practice” for condensate is that all devices in the condensate system are insulated to prevent thermal energy losses.

If condensate is not returned to the boiler plant, the steam system has to make-up the loss with cold untreated raw water that has to be prepared for the boiler operation.  The preparation of the make-up water has a cost for the preparation and the make-up water is going to contain substantially lower BTU content that has to be raised in the deaerator or atmospheric feed water heater. This energy addition will add even more cost to the steam operation.  The raw water has to be chemically prepared for the boiler operation, which is an added cost to the boiler plant operation.

Condensate Return Benchmark

With today’s high energy cost we must return the highest percentage of condensate back to the boiler plant to be reused in the boiler.

The benchmark for the optimum condensate return percentage is up to 90%.  This benchmark is possible if the plant does not have requirements of direct steam injection for process applications.

Justification to Return Condensate (Energy Calculations)

Improve Energy Efficiency

Below is an example of a typical operating steam system.

• Average steam flow 44,000 lbs per hour
• Cost per MBTU at the plant $ 15.30 (unloaded cost)
• Operation (24 hours /7 day per week) (8760 hours)
• Operating steam pressure
  • Steam temperature 150 psig
  • Steam total energy (h_g)                 1
• Makeup water temperature            55^oF
• Makeup water BTU content (h_m)             23 Btu
• Condensate return temperature             212^oF
• BTU content of the condensate being returned (h_c) 33

No condensate returned to the boiler plant

1. (h_c – h_m) = energy loss per lb
2. (180.33 – 23) = 157.33 BTU per lb
3. 44,000 lbs of steam = 44,000 lbs of condensate (90% return) = 39,600 lbs
4. 39,600 lbs x 157.33 (BTU per lb) = 6,230,268 BTU’s
5. 230268 x $ 15.30 = $ 95.32 (per hour cost)
6. $ 95.32 x 8,760 (hours in a year) = $ 835,003.20

**  $ 835,003.20 per year

The potential savings is based on the amount of energy required to elevate the make-up water up energy content (sensible energy) to that energy level of condensate being returned at in a gravity designed condensate system. The calculation does not take into account the savings from chemicals, water and sewer costs.  It also does not consider the effect of bringing back the condensate at higher pressures, resulting in greater savings (See Best Practice No.8 – High Pressure Condensate Return Systems).

The above is calculated with no condensate being returned to the boiler, but most industrial plants are returning at least a small percentage of condensate.  Each plant should evaluate the cost of failing to return condensate and set forth a roadmap for returning condensate.

Reduce chemical cost

If condensate is returned, then the need for make-up water is reduced.  Lowering the quantity of required make-up water will result in lower requirements for boiler chemicals.

 Reduce make-up water costs

Water costs are rising everywhere and a high percentage of condensate return will reduce the total make-up water costs.

 Reduce sewer system disposal costs 

Sewer system costs are directly related to the intake of water.  If condensate is not being returned, the condensate is being drained to the sewer, adding to the cost for processing the sewer waste.

 Meet environmental regulations

Environmental regulations may require water to drain must be treated. Condensate returned to the boiler process reduces the water to drain and amount of water that falls under regulatory control.

What prevents the condensate energy from being returned?

One must understand the issues that prevent the condensate from being returned to the boiler plant so the plant can establish corrective methods.

Pumping condensate

Selecting correct condensate pumps with the proper net positive suction head (“NPSH”.)  A number of condensate pumps on the market can only permit condensate temperatures of less than 200^oF.  Condensate temperatures will be close to atmospheric saturation temperature of 212 ^oF,. Therefore the condensate pumps must have the proper NPSH.  Failure to design to the proper NPSH will result in pump cavitation and damage to the seals and impeller in a short period of time.

Steam trap issues

Under sizing and improper installation of steam traps cause the steam traps to malfunction. Too often a short solution to the problem is to drain the condensate to sewer.  When many steam trap installations have the drain valves open to remove the condensate from the process, therefore achieving proper temperatures.

Condensate line corrosion

The condensate system will produce carbonic acid as a result of excessive carbon dioxide in the system. The highest concentration of the carbonic acid will be in the condensate return lines because carbon dioxide dissolves in cooling condensate..  The majority of condensate lines are installed with schedule 80 steel pipe and threaded connections.  The steel will deteriorate from the condensate corrosion but the pipe threads are typically more susceptible to deterioration due to corrosion.  Slowing the corrosion affects on the system, plants should use stainless for condensate pipe, valves, and avoid the use threaded connections.

 Condensate system insulation

Industrial steam system components must be insulated to insure the thermal energy in the condensate is not lost.  Everything in the condensate system over 120 °F should be insulated.  Insulation will also help protect personnel from hot condensate system components,   thus improving plant safety.

• Condensate lines
• Condensate tanks
• Valves
• Some steam trap types

Leaks

Plants do have leaks from malfunctioning components in the steam and condensate system, which can contribute to loss of condensate.

Flash steam losses

Flash steam is loss from condensate tank vents that are venting to atmosphere.  We have addressed flash steam losses in “Steam Best Practices No. 7 – flash steam.

Summary

Condensate is one of the top five items that must be targeted in a steam and condensate system to reduce energy cost and improve reliability.

Why Maintain a Pressurized Condensate System? “Increase Efficiency – Reduce Energy Cost”

The best reason to use a pressurized condensate system is the dramatic energy savings that can be achieved. The condensate that is not contaminated in a process should be returned to the boiler room for reuse. Condensate contains sensible energy and if not properly returned to the boiler operation, a large portion of the sensible energy is lost. To prevent the sensible energy loss, the condensate that is recovered must have its temperature raised to the saturated temperature of the steam boiler operating pressure. To accomplish this task, energy is introduced at the deaerator or high pressure condensate vessel and at the boiler.

The higher the temperature or pressure (direct relationship in steam) of the condensate being returned to the boiler plant, the less energy required to raise the temperature of the condensate back to the saturated temperature of the boiler operating pressure. The most efficient system will be a condensate return system that is controlled at a pressure as close to the boiler operating pressure as possible. In a perfect system, the steam system, for example, would operate at 150 psi and the pressurized condensate system would operate at 149 psi, but system elements such as line sizes, distances, steam trap differential and elevations must be taken into consideration. With these variables in the system, a typical target for pressure differential between the steam supply and condensate return is 30-45%. All pressurized condensate systems must be thoroughly evaluated before selecting the condensate return line pressure.