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Industrial Plant Management personnel who investigate the full potential of steam as a manufacturing and energy resource are commonly surprised at how underutilized it is within the industrial sector. A key reason, they commonly find through further investigation, is the scarcity of knowledge in steam’s proper use…despite the how critical steam is for the plant’s processes.

For reasons we will examine, many firms and their employees suffer from a disconnect between the provision of training and the acquisition of reliable, functional knowledge of steam’s wisest and safest industrial use. This technical paper hopes to begin bridging the gap, and seeks to share our company’s experience in developing training programs that result in the acquisition of greater knowledge about this important source of power and productivity.

Figure 1: Natural Gas Burner in Operation

Steam’s present-day importance in manufacturing cannot be overestimated. A very high percentage of all the fuel burned in the world is consumed to produce steam. It provides process heating, process finishing, agglomeration, pressure control, mechanical drive and component separation, as well as serving as a source of water for many reactions.  Steam is also a power source for indoor climate control and electricity generation.

Steam is very efficient, yet it is far from free. It is estimated that $18 billion (USA DOE information) is spent annually to feed the boilers generating USA steam demand.   

 Figure 2: Training Group Engineering Discussion

This substantial figure is reason enough to seek the significant savings in energy costs typically realized by the proactive training and knowledge-sharing gained through steam system training. Training also yields the benefits of safer, more reliable and efficient provision of steam to equipment and processes. A typical industrial facility can realize steam savings of 12.4% or more through wiser utilization of steam systems.

It is estimated that if steam system improvements were adopted industry-wide, the benefits would reach billions of dollars in fuel cost reductions, as well as reductions in emission reaching to well into the millions metric tons.

A great percentage of this cost savings can be achieved by instituting an effective program of steam system training, providing a plant with improvements in the knowledge and capability of its work force.  

In only one example from the experience of Inveno Engineering LLC (a leading International provider of steam training programs), a large paper plant instituted steam training for the personnel involved with three paper machines. They achieved some notable results:

• Energy (steam) cost per ton of paper was reduced by 8.3%
• Start up times of the machines were reduced by 65%
• Unscheduled downtime dropped 17%
• The life of steam valves was significantly extended
• Condenser tube failures went down by 43%

Attributes of a successful program:

Top-to-bottom commitment

One of the key determining factors in the effectiveness of steam system training is the ability to extend training’s benefits as broadly as possible within an organization. The most successful training programs encompass everyone at an industrial plant.  Everyone from the plant manager down to the pipefitter needs to be involved. If this level of commitment is not achieved company-wide, no amount of job-specific training will achieve the desired goal of maximum steam effectiveness. 

A typical list of plant personnel who should attend training would include:

• Management
• Safety
• Environmental
• Engineering
• Production
• Maintenance supervision
• Maintenance people
• Pipefitters
• Production people

The correct training program assures that everyone involved leaves the training event with a common level of understanding on steam system, along with shared insights on the various solutions to common steam-related issues. This common vision is an essential part of a successful training program, and to the savings that can result.

Companies with successful programs also find they pay dividends which aren’t steam specific. A well-trained employee is more satisfied in their job function and they appreciate the investment their company makes in their future.  Satisfied employees are less likely to leave for a new position, improving long-term employee retention.

Adjusted Attitudes

Training that produces substantial results begins by changing behavior, which ultimately changes attitudes. Unfortunately, most managers and many professional trainers (who should know better) get this backward.  They attempt to build awareness in the hope of creating attitude change, expecting the desired behavior to follow naturally. Such is rarely the case.

Other training programs commit errors on the opposite side of the equation, presuming that attitude change will come by simply giving employees a crash course in the functioning of steam traps. In truth, steam traps make up only a very small percentage of the steam system.   A solid training program must encompass the entire system, not just one component. One of the main objectives in any steam system training program is to teach people to focus on the “system” aspect, and not to componentize the steam system.

Proper, measurable goals

Too often, employee training is reactive rather than proactive.

Field Experienced Instructors

It focuses on recognizing the symptoms of a failure, and fails to examine the reasons failures occur and how to prevent them. There is a tremendous lack of training in steam system Root Cause Failure Analysis (RCFA).  If a steam trap fails and no RCFA is done before another steam trap is installed, the new trap is likely to fail as well. Unfortunately, complete steam system assessments often reveal that the root cause of a system failure can be traced to individuals who do not possess the skill and/or knowledge to perform their jobs safely or properly in a steam system.

Team Training

For example, water hammer in a steam system is a leading cause for premature failure of equipment (67%) and is extremely unsafe for plant personnel. Despite this, it is consider by many plants as normal.  In fact, water hammer in industrial plant operations can lead to injury and even death.

Industrial plant management must have the commitment to conduct periodically evaluations and review people, procedures, and training to ensure that the plant’s needs are being met.  When deficiencies in the steam system are determined, industrial plants must develop strategies that will address the difficulties. Properly trained employees will increase plant reliability and productivity, while boosting plant profits. Improperly trained employees, or employees trained for the wrong reasons, represent a real lost profit opportunity.

A successful training/improvement program should begin by committing some important background information to paper, then revisiting the documentation periodically as an aid in assessing the training process.

• Document the reasons a steam system training course is being conducted  
• Determine what changes in behavior and system performance are sought from the training
• Brainstorm ways to get the greatest number of people involved
• Benchmark the existing knowledge levels of the trainees, through the use of a simple pre-test
• Prepare yourself for surprising results to the pre-test…virtually all training program managers are alarmed by the scores commonly earned by employees who previously were thought to have a high level of steam system knowledge
• Institute metrics to test the performance of the training instructor
• Take steps to engage an instructor with current, documented success in steam training. Even an instructor with 30 years of steam knowledge doesn’t necessarily have the ability to convey their knowledge…some don’t even possess the correct steam system skills.
• Develop a plan for determining if the desired behavior and system performance changes are being achieved.

In Field Practicing Knowledge Learned

Alternative to “Spray and Pray”

One of the biggest causes of wasted training dollars is ineffective methodology.  Industrial plants have been known to rely on a “spray and pray” method of delivering inspirational messages or running packaged videos and hoping for the best.  Too many times, participants are motivated more by the free lunch, or time spent away from daily tasks. When follow-up feedback on the training session is sought, the response is typically a noncommittal “it was good.” When managers continue the questioning…asking what participants learned that could help their work performance or the steam system’s effectiveness…they often receive an eye-opening response. The reality is that many existing training programs are more oriented toward selling products than changing personal behavior and sharpening everyday system operation.

The key to changing attitudes is involvement. Sound, effective steam system training should incorporate discussion groups and simulation exercises that get participants involved in the topic, rather than passively listening to videos or speakers. This type of involvement both coaches skills and impacts attitudes, which will ultimately change behavior for the better.  

Before recruiting or hiring an instructor, make sure the individual chosen has a strong proficiency in involving students. Test the instructor if possible, to learn their level of skill at delivering training content.  Too many times, training will fail due to the instructor(s) inability to delivery the material using methods learners will be able to comprehend and put to use. Instructors who use stories all day long in their presentations are storytellers – not instructors.

The benefits of creating involvement are plain, and have ample documentation in practice.

As an example, here are the results of a study done by Inveno Engineering LLC and Private Corporation on the comprehension levels achieved by various training techniques in steam system training at industrial plants:

All groups were tested before and after training.

Group interaction is the best method of steam system training, along with the certainty of a test for the attendees at the completion of the class.  When training, the trainer needs to teach knowledge of the steam system through the use of carefully developed exercises that assure proficiency. Trainers need to focus on examples, and allow the attendees to execute their knowledge through exercises.

When this type of interactive, positive learning takes place, the result is improved steam system utilization, cost savings and wiser use of energy. It also creates a more positive attitude toward training in general, which sets the stage for further profitable improvements in your company’s future.